Valuation

Dividend Yield vs Sub-sector

It is the percentage difference between the dividend yield of a company and the average dividend paid by all companies within that sub-sector

PS Premium vs Sub-sector

Stock PS ratio divided by the corresponding sub-sector PS ratio minus one. Similar use cases to PE and PB premiums vs sub-sector

PB Premium vs Sub-sector

Similar to Premium vs Sector, we have PB Premium vs Sub-sector as well. It is basically the stock PB ratio divided by the corresponding sub-sector PB ratio minus one. The interpretation is also similar to the premiums vs sector, but sometimes a sector is a very broad universe to compare. For instance, You can’t compare a 2 wheeler company’s PB with an Airline’s PB, but both are in the same sector. Hence, for users looking to find stock-specific investing opportunities in niche industries, this metric might be more helpful. However since stocks in a sub-sector are obviously less than a sector, this metric is susceptible to bias, where one or two companies could grossly affect the sub-sector’s average, but affecting the sector’s average might be tough since there are many more companies and more business varieties which won’t necessarily have correlated earning cycles

PE Premium vs Sub-sector

Similar to Premium vs Sector, we have PE Premium vs Sub-sector as well. It is basically the stock PE ratio divided by the corresponding sub-sector PE ratio minus one. The interpretation is also similar to the premiums vs sector, but sometimes a sector is a very broad universe to compare. For instance, You can’t compare a bank’s PE with an NBFC’s PE, but both are financials. You can’t compare agriculture machinery with a stationary company but both are in the industrial sector. Hence, for users looking to find stock-specific investing opportunities in niche industries, this metric might be more helpful. However since stocks in a sub-sector are obviously less than a sector, this metric is susceptible to bias, where one or two companies could grossly affect the sub-sector’s average, but affecting the sector’s average might be tough since there are many more companies and more business varieties which won’t necessarily have correlated earning cycles

Price / CFO

Price / CFO is the Market capitalisation of the company divided by cashflow from operations for the most recent financial year. It is a stock valuation indicator or multiple that measures the value of a stock’s price relative to its operating cash flow per share. It’s different from price / free cash flow since it gives an indication of how cash-rich is the company’s core business. This ratio could be misleading if analysed standalone. It’s best to analyse it with other cash-based valuation metrics. For instance, a low Price / CFO but a high Price / FCF might indicate the company’s core business is functioning well but the company is aggressively reinvesting its profits

EV / Free Cash Flow

EV / Free Cash Flow compares the total valuation of the company with it’s ability to generate free cash flow.
Enterprise Value to Free Cash Flow compares the total valuation of the company with its ability to generate cashflow. The lower the ratio of enterprise value to the free cash flow figures, the faster a company can pay back the cost of its acquisition or generate cash to reinvest in its business.

EV / Invested Capital

EV / Invested Capital is Enterprise Value divided by invested capital of the last financial year.
It measures the Enterprise Value against capital invested by shareholders and lenders. The invested capital is especially useful when capital assets are a key driver of revenue and earnings. Stocks trading at high multiples of invested capital may also be more susceptible to competition, since investing in similar assets will be attractive to investors.

EV / Revenue Ratio

Current Enterprise Value divided by the total revenue at the end of the most recent financial year.
It is one of several fundamental indicators that investors use to determine whether a stock is priced fairly. The EV/Revenue ratio is also often used to determine a company’s valuation in the case of a potential acquisition. The lower the better, in that, a lower EV/R multiple signals a company is undervalued.

EV / EBIT Ratio

Current Enterprise Value divided by the EBIT at the end of the most recent financial year.
This metric is used as a valuation tool to compare the value of a company (debt included), to the company’s cash earnings less non-cash expenses. It’s ideal for analysts and investors looking to compare companies within the same industry.

Enterprise Value

Enterprise Value is the sum of a company’s latest market cap, total debt, and minority interest less cash short term investment at the end of the most recent financial year. Enterprise value (EV) is a measure of a company’s total value, often used as a more comprehensive alternative to equity market capitalization.

Enterprise value (EV) could be thought of like the theoretical takeover price if a company were to be bought. EV differs significantly from simple market capitalization in several ways, and many consider it to be a more accurate representation of a firm’s value. The value of a firm’s debt, for example, would need to be paid off by the buyer when taking over a company. As a result, enterprise value provides a much more accurate takeover valuation because it includes debt in its value calculation. It is used as the basis for many financial ratios that measure the performance of a company.

Price / Free Cash Flow

Price / Free Cash Flow is the Market capitalization of the company divided by free cash flow for the most recent financial year. It is an equity valuation metric that indicates a company’s ability to generate additional revenues. A lower value for price to free cash flow could indicate that the company is cash-rich but the market isn’t betting on its ability to use this cash for further growth. A higher ratio might suggest that the company is valued by the market based on intangibles like brand recall, future prospects but the company isn’t generating a lot of cash

PE Ratio

PE ratio is calculated as close price of the stock divided by the earnings per share excluding extraordinary items for the most recent financial year. The ratio indicates the number of units of stock price it takes to purchase a single unit of the company’s earnings per share (EPS). If the company is currently trading at Rs.300/share and EPS of the company is Rs.30, then the PE ratio is 300/30 = 10x. So it costs Rs.10 to be eligible to purchase Re.1 of the company’s earnings

PE ratio is the most important valuation ratio and helps understand whether a company is undervalued or overvalued. The best way to use a PE ratio is by comparing the ratio of different companies operating in the same sector

Suppose company A is trading  at a PE ratio of 12 and B is trading at a PE of 17. Obviously A is undervalued when compared to B as it costs only Rs.12 to purchase 1 units of A’s EPS, whereas B’s costs Rs.17. However it is important to understand the reason behind the undervaluation. If the market is expecting B to grow at a faster rate, demand for shares of B will increase leading to higher share price and consequently higher PE ratio. So in this case the higher PE for B is justified. However suppose market has not correctly understood A’s earning potential and hence has ignored the stock leading to low PE. Such a situation might present a genuine buying opportunity of the stock, however it is important to ensure that the market has not correctly understood A’s earning potential. If market has ignored A because of poor earnings or bad management practice, it is better to ignore the same in spite of relative cheapness

Forward PE Ratio

Forward PE ratio is calculated as close price of the stock divided by estimated earnings per share of the company for the current financial year. If the current stock price is Rs.300 and estimated EPS of the company for the current financial year is Rs.8, then forward PE ratio is 300/8 = 37.5

Forward PE ratio can be used to compare it with the current PE ratio of the company. Suppose current PE ratio of company A is 15 and the forward PE ratio is 12, it indicates that EPS of the company is expected to grow over the next year. The deeper the discount between current PE ratio and the forward PE ratio, the higher the potential for the stock price to increase

PE Premium vs Sector

This data item is calculated as the percentage difference between the stock PE ratio and the sector PE ratio

 PE ratioPremium / Discount
Stock A22.025.0%
Stock B 12.3-30.1%
Sector average17.6--

As can be seen from the table above, stock A has a higher PE ratio than the sector average which results in a positive output. When the output is positive it is said that the stock is trading at a premium to the sector. In stock B’s case the output is negative, indicating that the stock’s PE ratio is lower than the sector’s PE ratio. In such a scenario it is said that stock is trading at a discount to the sector.   

A company might be trading at discount to the sector either because the stock’s future earnings potential are low or because market has not noticed its earnings potential and hence there is a temporary pricing mismatch.

Such a situation might present a genuine buying opportunity of the stock, however it is important to ensure that the market has not correctly understood B’s earning potential. If market has ignored B because of poor earnings or bad management practice, it is better to ignore the same in spite of relative cheapness.

 

PB Ratio

This ratio is calculated as recent close price of the stock divided by book value per share of the company for the most recent financial year. Book value per share refers to the total shareholders investment in the company divided by shares outstanding

The ratio helps understand the unit price to be paid for the assets leftover after paying all liabilities of the company. Suppose the company has total assets of Rs.250. These assets have been purchased using Rs.180 of debt and Rs.70 shareholders equity. Hence if all liabilities of the company are to be paid off, Rs.180 worth of assets will have to be sold and Rs.70 will remain on the books of the company. If the share price of the company is Rs.300, PB ratio will be calculated as 300 / 70 = 4.3x

Just as in PE ratio, PB ratio is used for valuation purposes, specially in case of banks and financial companies. Non banking companies do carry large amount of assets on their books, however these assets are not valued on a regular basis, hence there is usually a huge divergence between book value and market value of the assets. On the contrary banks and financial companies regularly value the assets they carry on their books. Hence using PB ratio to value such companies is more appropriate and relevant

A low PB stock is considered to be undervalued compared to a higher PB one. However it is important to further analyse the reasons behind undervaluation before deciding to buy the stock

PB Premium vs Sector

This data item is calculated as the percentage difference between the stock PB ratio and the sector PB ratio

 PB ratioPremium / Discount
Stock A3.840.7%
Stock B 1.3-51.9%
Sector average2.7--

As can be seen from the table above, stock A has a higher PB ratio than the sector average which results in a positive output. When the output is positive it is said that the stock is trading at a premium to the sector. In stock B’s case the output is negative, indicating that the stock’s PB ratio is lower than the sector’s PB ratio. In such a scenario it is said that stock is trading at a discount to the sector

A company’s PB ratio might be at a discount to the sector because the earnings potential of the company is considered to be low or the assets of the company are under stress. It is also possible that PB is at a discount as the market has mispriced the stock. Prudent analysis is necessary before making a purchase decision.

Dividend Yield

The ratio is calculated as dividend per share (DPS) for the most recent financial year divided by the close price of the stock. Dividend is the portion of company’s profit that is paid out to shareholders. Dividend per share (DPS) refers to the total dividend paid out divided by the common stock of the company

Suppose DPS is Rs.16 and stock price is Rs.250, dividend yield is calculated as (16/250)*100 = 6.4%

The ratio is used to calculate the earning on investment considering only dividends declared. Higher the dividend yield the better. One should always consider dividend yield when investing in a company’s stock, as it can be significant part of the return that might be generated. High dividend yield stocks could be a good investment avenue to supplement any income needs

Dividend Yield vs Sector

The data item is defined as the difference between the dividend yield of company and the yield of the corresponding sector. A positive number indicates that the dividend yield of the company is higher than average payout of the sector and vice versa

It is important to note that lot of fast growing companies do not pay dividends and prefer to retain money for future investment purposes. Alternatively a company might also not be paying dividends because of poor profitability. So one has to investigate the company to understand the reason behind deep discount or high premium

PS Ratio

The item is defined as close price of the stock divided by the revenue per share of the company for the most recent financial year. The ratio indicates the number of number of units of stock price to be expended to purchase 1 unit of revenue per share. Suppose revenue of the company is Rs.100,000, shares outstanding is 500 and stock price is Rs.100. PS ratio is calculated as 100/ (100,000/500) = 0.5x. So it costs Rs. 0.5 to purchase every Rupee of the company’s revenue

PS ratio is a valuation ratio and is used in lieu of PE ratio. When a company is loss making, EPS becomes negative and calculating PE ratio is not possible. In such a scenario PS ratio can be used. Just as in PE ratio, PS ratio is used by comparing the ratio of 2 or more companies operating in the same sector. The lower the ratio, the more undervalued the company. However one has to understand the reasons behind undervaluation before deciding whether the stock has investment potential

Forward PS Ratio

Forward PS ratio is calculated as close price of the stock divided by estimated revenue per share of the company for the current financial year. If the current stock price is Rs.300 and estimated revenue per share of the company for the current financial year is Rs.80, then forward PS ratio is 300/80 = 3.75

Forward PS ratio can be used by comparing it with the current PS ratio of the company. Suppose current PS ratio of company A is 3x and the forward PS ratio is 1.8x, it indicates that the revenue of the company is expected to grow over the next year. The deeper the discount between current PS ratio and the forward PS ratio, the higher the potential for the stock price to increase

PS Premium vs Sector

This data item is calculated as the percentage difference between the stock PS ratio and the sector PS ratio

 PS ratioPremium / Discount
Stock A4.751.6%
Stock B1.9-38.7%
Sector average3.1--

As can be seen from the table above, stock A has a higher PS ratio than the sector average which results in a positive output. When the output is positive it is said that the stock is trading at a premium to the sector. In stock B’s case the output is negative, indicating that the stock’s PS ratio is lower than the sector’s PS ratio. In such a scenario it is said that stock is trading at a discount to the sector

A company’s PS ratio might be at a discount to the sector because the growth potential of the company is considered to be low or the business of the company is under stress. It is also possible that PS is at a discount as the market has mispriced the stock. Prudent analysis is necessary before making a stock purchase decision.

EV / EBITDA

EV / EBITDA stands for Enterprise value (EV) divided by Earnings before interest, taxes and depreciation (EBITDA).

EV is a measure of the company’s total value and can be considered as the sum of money that needs to paid to all the stakeholders by the acquirer if he/she intends to buy the company today.

EBITDA is a measure of the company’s operating performance. It indicates the amount of profit the company earned via its core business operations before paying interest expense, taxes etc.

Suppose EV of a company is Rs.10,000 and EBITDA for the previous financial year was Rs.2,500. EV/EBITDA of the company is 10,000 / 2,500 = 4.0x.

EV/EBITDA is a valuation ratio and helps understand whether the company is overvalued or undervalued.  The best way to use a EV/EBITDA ratio is by comparing the ratio of different companies operating in the same sector. A company with lower EV/EBITDA is considered to be undervalued in comparison with company with higher EV/EBITDA. However it is important to understand the reason behind the undervaluation.  Suppose company A has EV/EBITDA of 4.0x whereas company B has EV/EBITDA of 6.3x. If the market is expecting B to grow at a faster rate, higher valuation for the same is justified. However suppose market has not understood company A’s potential correctly, then the lower valuation multiple is justified and presents a buying opportunity of the stock. If market has ignored A because of poor earnings or bad management practice, it is better to ignore the same in spite of relative cheapness.